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Resonant Frequencies from DNA to Organelles: Vibrational Bioelectric Communication in Cells
Cells communicate not only through chemical signals but also via physical vibrations and electromagnetic fields. Recent interdisciplinary research suggests that molecules and organelles in cells may operate like tiny oscillators, each with characteristic frequencies. In particular, DNA and its atomic building blocks (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus) exhibit vibrational resonances, while larger structures like microtubules and mitochondria can generate electromagnetic oscillations. This article explores the known vibrational and electromagnetic frequencies of DNA components, microtubules, and mitochondria. We then ask: do any of these frequencies align in a way that hints at coupling or “resonance” between DNA and cellular structures? We also examine how mitochondria might use their own DNA and electric fields for signaling, and whether cross-talk or even quantum-level interactions occur between mitochondria and structural elements like microtubules. The goal is to present emerging evidence in an accessible way – to spur discussion and further exploration of this intriguing hypothesis of vibrational bioelectric communication within cells.
Vibrational Frequencies of DNA’s Building Blocks
DNA is constructed from atoms (C, H, O, N, P) bonded into bases, sugars, and phosphate groups. Each chemical bond and group in these molecules can vibrate at characteristic frequencies. Molecular vibrational frequencies typically lie in the infrared range, on the order of 10^13 to 10^14 hertz
. In practical terms, that’s in the terahertz (THz) range. For example:
- A carbonyl (C=O) double bond vibrates around 5×10^13 Hz (wavenumber ~1716 cm^−1, mid-infrared)
.
- O–H and N–H bonds (like those in DNA’s sugar backbone or base pairs) vibrate at higher IR frequencies (typically 10^14 Hz range) due to their lighter hydrogen atoms.
- Phosphate (P–O) stretching modes occur in the lower IR region (often around 10^13 Hz).
In essence, the atomic components of DNA oscillate at ultrafast frequencies corresponding to infrared light. These vibrational motions are electromagnetic in nature – a vibrating bond can absorb or emit photons at its resonant frequency. Research by Cosic et al. has even proposed that macromolecules (including DNA and proteins) have unique electromagnetic frequency patterns related to their structure and function
. They found that proteins tend to “resonate” in the 10^13–10^15 Hz range, and that proteins which interact (or have similar functions) often share some resonant frequencies
. By extension, DNA’s molecules could also act as tiny antennas tuned to THz and even near-visible frequencies. Indeed, DNA’s double-helix structure and electronic properties have led some to call DNA a “fractal antenna” that can interact with a wide spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies
. This means DNA might be responsive to or emit signals from extremely low frequencies (ELF) up through radiofrequency (RF) and into the infrared and visible range
. While DNA’s primary role is genetic information storage, these intrinsic resonances suggest a physical layer of activity that could play a role in how biomolecules recognize and influence each other.
Key takeaway: The elements in DNA vibrate at characteristic electromagnetic frequencies (mostly in the IR/THz range). This provides a baseline spectrum of “DNA frequencies” against which we can compare larger cellular structures. The question is whether such atomic-scale resonances might somehow couple or align with vibrations emitted by organelles like microtubules and mitochondria.
Resonant Oscillations in Microtubules
Microtubules are cylindrical polymers of tubulin protein that form part of the cytoskeleton. Beyond their mechanical roles (providing structure, transport tracks, and aiding cell division), microtubules are highly polar structures capable of oscillating electrically
. Each tubulin dimer carries electric dipoles, and when many dimers assemble into a microtubule, their collective vibrations can generate electromagnetic fields
. In the 1960s, physicist Herbert Fröhlich hypothesized that biological systems could sustain coherent, long-range vibrations if an energy supply pumped the system out of equilibrium
. Microtubules, with their strong polar alignment, were proposed as candidates for such coherent electromechanical oscillations
. Decades later, experiments have started to validate that microtubules indeed have distinct resonant frequencies:
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Radiofrequency Resonances: Experiments using electromagnetic stimulation have identified intrinsic resonance peaks of isolated tubulin proteins and microtubule assemblies in the RF range
. For example, one study found tubulin dimers respond strongly around ~91 MHz and 281 MHz, while assembled microtubules showed a resonance near 3.0 GHz
. Notably, these resonant peaks did not depend on microtubule length, suggesting they arise from the subunit’s properties (the tubulin’s structure) rather than the whole polymer’s size
. In other words, the microtubule’s electrical oscillations seem to be an amplification of each tubulin’s natural frequencies.
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Megahertz Mechanical Vibrations: Independent studies on brain microtubules have revealed vibrations in the megahertz range (million Hertz). Quantum physicist Anirban Bandyopadhyay’s group reported coherent oscillations in microtubules at warm temperatures, roughly on the order of 10^6–10^7 Hz
. In fact, microtubule “quantum vibrations” in the low MHz were proposed to underlie slower EEG brain waves, by beating together to produce envelope frequencies in the Hz range
. This idea comes from the controversial Orch OR theory by Hameroff and Penrose, which posits quantum computations in microtubules contribute to consciousness
. While the consciousness aspect is debated, the measured MHz oscillations lend credence to microtubules as electrical oscillators in cells. Another experiment by Jiri Pokorný and colleagues found a specific 8 MHz oscillation in yeast cells was generated by microtubules
. This was a significant finding: it directly showed a microtubule oscillation within a living cell’s frequency spectrum.
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Broadband Response up to GHz: Using delicate conductivity measurements, researchers have scanned microtubules from kilohertz up to gigahertz frequencies. A range of resonance peaks was observed between 1 kHz and ~1.3 GHz, forming a kind of “spectrum” for the microtubule
. Intriguingly, if water was removed from the hollow core of the microtubule, these resonances disappeared
– implying that ordered water inside the microtubule may be crucial for sustaining the oscillations. The physical mechanisms are still being unraveled, but candidates include longitudinal acoustic vibrations of the microtubule lattice and collective dipole oscillations of tubulin’s structures
.
What do these frequencies mean in context? Many fall far below the vibrational frequencies of individual chemical bonds (RF and MHz are million-fold lower than IR). This suggests microtubule oscillations are collective modes – more akin to an antenna or tuned circuit rather than a simple molecular vibration. They represent oscillating electric fields that extend over the microtubule’s length and into the surrounding cytoplasm. Such fields could potentially influence nearby charged molecules or even other organelles. In fact, microtubules are thought to act as intracellular EMF generators that help coordinate activities in the cell
. For example, cells in mitosis (when microtubule activity is high) show strong dielectrophoretic responses, hinting at intense electromagnetic activity
. It has even been observed that applying an external electromagnetic field at 0.1–0.3 MHz (100–300 kHz) can disrupt microtubule polymerization
– essentially “jamming” the microtubule’s normal oscillatory behavior and impairing its function. This reinforces that microtubules have resonant electrical modes in that low-frequency range which are critical to their role.
In summary, microtubules exhibit a spectrum of resonant frequencies from kilohertz through gigahertz. Some key resonances identified: around ~100 MHz (tubulin subunits), ~MHz range (collective vibrations, e.g. 8 MHz), and up to a few GHz (full microtubule assembly)
. These oscillations are not random – they can be coherent (phase-aligned) and long-lived relative to thermal noise. Experiments have measured oscillatory coherence times on the order of 0.1–1 microsecond in microtubules
, which, while brief, are long enough for many cycles at MHz frequencies. The big question is whether these microtubule EM vibrations couple to other cellular components – could they, for instance, resonate with vibrational modes of molecules like DNA, or integrate with signals from mitochondria? We explore these possibilities next.
Mitochondrial Bioelectric Signals and DNA Resonance
Mitochondria are best known as the “powerhouses” of the cell, converting food into ATP through oxidative metabolism. But mitochondria are also electrically active: they maintain a steep membrane potential (~–150 mV) across their inner membrane. This creates a strong static electric field around each mitochondrion, extending several micrometers into the cytosol
. In fact, mitochondria in a cell form an electrically charged network, and their positions often align with microtubule tracks – especially in regions of high energy use
. This strategic placement means microtubules and mitochondria are frequently in close proximity, allowing potential cross-talk between the microtubule’s oscillating field and the mitochondrion’s static field or other signals.
Beyond static fields, mitochondria can produce dynamic signals as well. One way is through electrons and ions: as electrons flow through the respiratory chain and protons are pumped across the membrane, oscillatory electrical currents could arise. There’s evidence that mitochondria can undergo oscillations in membrane potential or release bursts of calcium ions, which act as signaling events inside cells
. Another intriguing aspect is that chemical reactions in mitochondria may emit photons. When molecules undergo oxidation or other reactions, occasionally photons in the UV or visible range are released
. Cells are known to emit ultra-weak luminescence (so-called biophotons), and mitochondria are considered one source of this emission. These photons could, in principle, contribute energy to nearby resonant structures (for example, potentially exciting a vibrational mode of a molecule if the frequencies match)
.
Now, mitochondria also carry their own genome – mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – which is a circular DNA molecule inside the organelle. While mtDNA’s primary role is encoding critical proteins for the respiratory chain, some researchers have started to speculate that mtDNA might have bioelectric or antenna-like properties. The circular, double-stranded mtDNA (about 16,500 base pairs long) is packed into a loop. In its supercoiled state, the loop’s effective diameter has been estimated on the order of a few micrometers
. Why is this interesting? A loop of conductor (DNA is a semi-conductor with stacked bases) of that size could have a specific electromagnetic resonance. Using a rough analogy to loop antennas, a 5–10 μm loop would resonate at wavelengths comparable to its circumference. Indeed, one hypothesis suggests that mtDNA might resonate at mid-infrared wavelengths (~5–10 μm), corresponding to frequencies around 30–60 THz
. That falls right in the lower infrared/terahertz range – squarely within the vibrational frequency band of many molecular bonds! If this is true, mtDNA could function like a tiny electromagnetic resonator, potentially tuned to the same frequencies as certain DNA or protein vibrational modes. It has even been speculated that this resonance might be an evolutionary adaptation: by resonating in a relatively quiet part of the electromagnetic spectrum (mid-IR, where solar radiation is weaker than in visible light), mtDNA could avoid interference and ensure reliable intra-cellular communication
. While this idea needs experimental validation, it paints a fascinating picture of mitochondrial DNA as more than genetic material – possibly also a bioelectric signaling element.
Mitochondria’s influence on microtubules has been demonstrated in experiments. Pokorný and colleagues observed that microtubule oscillations in cells depend on mitochondrial activity
. Specifically, the strong electric field emanating from active mitochondria can “pump” the microtubules, sustaining their oscillations. In one report, when mitochondria provided energy in a non-chemical form (i.e. not via ATP/GTP, but via their electric field), microtubules converted that energy into coherent electromagnetic vibrations
. Essentially, the mitochondria acted as a driver or tuning element for the microtubule’s oscillator. If the mitochondria became dysfunctional (losing membrane potential, as often happens in disease or the Warburg effect in cancer), the microtubule oscillations lost coherence
. This interplay led the authors to suggest that mitochondria and microtubules act in concert: mitochondria create the conditions (energy supply, an ordered water environment, and local electric fields) to excite microtubule vibrations
. In turn, microtubules generate electromagnetic fields that could influence cellular organization and signaling, effectively converting mitochondrial energy into informational signals
.
To summarize this section, mitochondria are not just power generators; they also contribute to the cell’s electromagnetic landscape. Through their membrane potentials and possibly through mtDNA resonance, they have characteristic frequencies: largely static or low-frequency fields from membrane voltage, and potentially IR-range resonance from mtDNA
. They emit occasional photons that can interact with other molecules
. And critically, they couple with microtubules – driving microtubule oscillations and possibly receiving feedback from them. This tight coupling raises the possibility of a mitochondria-microtubule communication network based on bioelectromagnetic signals.
Alignment Between DNA Resonances and Organellar Frequencies
Is there any alignment between the intrinsic frequencies of DNA’s atoms and the frequencies emitted by microtubules and mitochondria? At first glance, it seems they occupy very different regimes: DNA’s bonds vibrate in the terahertz (IR) range, whereas microtubule oscillations measured so far are in the kHz–GHz (radio/microwave) range, and mitochondrial membrane signals are even lower frequency (DC to kHz). However, on closer consideration, there are some intriguing points of convergence:
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Infrared (10^13–10^14 Hz) Overlap: Microtubules are made of tubulin protein, which like any molecule has internal vibrational modes in the IR range (stretching, bending of bonds in tubulin’s amino acids). These high-frequency modes were predicted by Fröhlich to be the ones that become coherently excited
. If tubulin or DNA have any particularly strong vibrational lines (say a collective mode of a base pair or a peptide group) at, for example, ~30 THz, a microtubule could in theory absorb that energy if it can couple to that motion. The hypothetical mtDNA resonance around 30–60 THz
falls in this category. That range would include vibrational frequencies of phosphate and other bonds common to both DNA and tubulin (for instance, phosphate vibrations, or ring vibrations of aromatic amino acids and nucleotide bases). So it’s conceivable that an oscillating electric field at, say, 50 THz emanating from a resonating mtDNA could influence the vibrational state of nearby DNA or proteins that have a mode in that vicinity. This is still speculative, but it’s a potential frequency alignment: the IR vibrational spectrum is a common “language” of all biomolecules. (Note that inside cells, direct IR radiation doesn’t travel far due to water absorption, but near-field coupling or phonon exchange could occur between closely situated structures.)
-
Radiofrequency (MHz-GHz) Range: Here is where microtubules have clear resonances (MHz to low GHz)
, and interestingly, long strands of DNA might also interact with RF. The idea of DNA as a fractal antenna suggests that due to its self-similar structure and conductive backbone, DNA can pick up a broad range of frequencies including RF
. Experiments have shown DNA can be affected by MHz and GHz fields (for example, certain RF exposures can cause DNA damage or protein responses
). If microtubules are naturally emitting in the RF band inside cells, could DNA (nuclear or mitochondrial) be “listening” to those signals? One concept is electrostatic or electromagnetic signaling: an oscillating microtubule could modulate the local electric potential in the nucleus or cytosol, which might influence processes like DNA conformation or binding of proteins to DNA. There isn’t direct evidence of DNA resonating to microtubule RF signals yet, but the possibility is there in principle. Notably, one study exposed neuronal cells to specific RF frequencies that matched microtubule and tubulin resonances (e.g. 281 MHz, 3.0 GHz) and observed changes in microtubule behavior and cell physiology
. If an external RF tuned to microtubule frequency can affect the cell, perhaps internal RF from microtubules could have targets as well.
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Low Frequencies (Hz–kHz): Cells also have slower oscillatory activities (calcium waves, metabolic oscillations, gene expression cycles, etc.). While these are far below molecular vibrational frequencies, they could be modulated by higher-frequency carriers. For instance, microtubule MHz vibrations might beat together to produce low-frequency envelopes (as suggested for brain waves)
. It’s conceivable that cellular processes have “favorite” low frequency rhythms (circadian ~0.00001 Hz, cell cycle ~10^–5 Hz, calcium oscillations ~0.1–1 Hz) that might phase-lock or entrain with electromagnetic beat frequencies. This is analogous to how amplitude-modulated radio waves carry an audio frequency signal. There is not a known direct resonance alignment here with DNA’s atoms, but it speaks to a multi-scale interplay – high-frequency quantum vibrations could influence classical biochemical cycles via modulation.
In summary, direct frequency matches between DNA’s atomic vibrations (IR) and microtubule/mitochondrial oscillations (RF) are not obvious, since they differ by many orders of magnitude. However, there are two bridges: (1) All biomolecules share the IR vibrational domain – they all “speak infrared” if excited – so DNA, tubulin, and perhaps resonant mtDNA could exchange energy in that domain under special conditions (like proximity or with assistance of coherent pumping)
. (2) Microtubules and perhaps even DNA (due to its length and structure) have fractal-like electromagnetic responses, meaning a wide range of frequencies can interact
. This makes exact alignment less critical; instead, it’s the patterns and coherence that matter. A microtubule might not need to match a DNA bond’s frequency precisely; if it can influence the local field, it might induce a collective effect on DNA (for instance, affecting how DNA coils or how proteins bind to it, indirectly tuning gene activity).
It’s worth noting a provocative hypothesis by Fisher and others: that certain nuclear spins in molecules (like the phosphorus atoms in phosphate groups of DNA or ATP) might maintain quantum coherence in cells and serve as qubits for cellular “quantum computing.” One proposal suggested that phosphorus nuclear spins (which have resonance in the MHz range under typical magnetic fields) could become entangled in pairs, potentially providing a quantum channel in biology. If such phenomena exist, microtubule RF vibrations or fields might couple to nuclear spin states (though this is highly speculative and an area of active theoretical work).
Quantum Bioelectric Interactions and Cellular Function
The convergence of vibrational and electromagnetic phenomena in cells leads to the idea of quantum-bioelectric interactions – where quantum-level events (like coherent vibrations or tunneling) intersect with bioelectric signals (ion flows, membrane voltages, EM fields). Several experimental and theoretical developments hint that this frontier is worth exploring:
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Warm Quantum Coherence: It was once assumed that quantum coherence (where particles or excitations maintain phase relationships) couldn’t survive in the warm, noisy cell environment. But discoveries in the past decade overturned this notion. Photosynthetic complexes in plants exhibit quantum coherent energy transfer at room temperature, bird retinas exploit quantum entanglement for magnetoreception, and our olfactory receptors might use quantum vibrations to detect odor molecules
. In microtubules, as discussed, there is evidence of MHz quantum vibrations persisting at body temperature
. These examples show that biology can harness quantum effects to enhance function (e.g., more efficient energy transfer or sensing).
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Microtubules as Quantum Conductors: Bandyopadhyay’s group not only found microtubule resonances, but also observed unusual electronic behaviors like memory switching and conductance changes in single microtubules
. Microtubules displayed multi-level memory (suggesting they could store information beyond a simple binary, perhaps in different conformational states) and even ballistic conductance (electrons traversing with little resistance) under certain conditions
. These findings raise the possibility that microtubules process information in a novel way – potentially integrating both classical and quantum information. Hameroff and colleagues have proposed specific models for microtubule qubits (e.g., conformations of tubulin or alignments of dipoles that can exist in superposition)
. If microtubules are indeed acting like computational elements, their inputs could be both chemical (e.g., a signal molecule binding) and electromagnetic (e.g., an oscillating field from a mitochondrion or another microtubule). The earlier-mentioned conversion of mitochondrial field energy into coherent microtubule oscillations
is essentially a form of cross-domain computation – the mitochondrion provides a steady “DC” energy which the microtubule transforms into an AC signal.
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Intracellular Communication via EM Fields: Cells might use endogenous electromagnetic signals to coordinate activities over distances faster than diffusion allows. For instance, mitosis (cell division) is a highly orchestrated event – some researchers have suggested that electromagnetic oscillations from microtubules could synchronize the complex choreography of chromosome movements
. Another example is the hypothesis that neurons’ cytoskeletal microtubules contribute to synchronizing brain-wide oscillations (like gamma waves). If multiple microtubules in a neuron oscillate coherently, they could emit a weak EM field that influences neighboring neurons or entrains with them, adding a layer of bioelectrical communication that works in parallel with synapses. This “electromagnetic connectome” idea remains hypothetical, but it is being actively discussed. Frohlich’s original idea of coherence suggested that cells (and even tissues) could achieve a form of energy-mediated synchronization, where all cells oscillate in unison at certain frequencies
. Experimental support is emerging: for example, applying specific frequencies to cells can influence their behavior (e.g., certain RF frequencies can induce stem cells to differentiate, or conversely, disrupt cancer cells)
. These effects imply that cells have resonant targets internally – likely candidates are cytoskeletal structures and membranes.
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Adaptation and Response: If cells indeed have these bioelectric and possibly quantum communication channels, they could be important for how cells sense their environment and adapt. A cell under stress might alter its metabolic oscillations (mitochondrial activity) and cytoskeletal dynamics – in doing so, it may change the spectrum of electromagnetic signals it emits. Neighboring cells might detect these changes (there is research showing that stressed cells emit different patterns of ultra-weak photon emission). On the evolutionary scale, if an organism can harness such signaling, it might coordinate at the tissue level without needing neural connections (some speculate this for things like wound healing or developmental patterning). From an adaptation standpoint, the flexibility offered by electromagnetic signaling – which can be tuned rapidly and travel at the speed of light – could complement slower genetic regulatory networks. There is even speculation that over geological time, exposure to external electromagnetic fields (like Earth’s Schumann resonance ~7.8 Hz, or solar cycles) might have influenced biological rhythms and possibly even mutation rates
. While much of this remains conjecture, the pieces (DNA’s responsiveness, microtubule oscillations, mitochondrial fields) form a tantalizing puzzle.
Conclusion and Outlook
The notion that DNA, microtubules, and mitochondria engage in a vibrational and electromagnetic “conversation” adds a new dimension to our understanding of cell biology. We have DNA’s atomic dance in the terahertz frequencies, microtubules’ harmonic humming in radiofrequencies, and mitochondria’s electric aura and possible IR antenna in mtDNA. Individually, each of these has experimental support: molecules do vibrate and absorb specific frequencies
, microtubules do oscillate and resonate electromagnetically
, and mitochondria generate electric fields and may even emit photons
. The open question is how these layers interact. Do microtubule vibrations influence gene expression via electromagnetic signals? Do mitochondria and microtubules form a feedback loop – a biophysical circuit – that regulates cell physiology? Could quantum coherence across these structures enable cells to process information in new ways?
Answering these questions will require creative experiments. For example, researchers could look for correlated activity between mitochondrial oscillations and microtubule vibrations using sensitive electrodes or optical probes. Experiments that perturb one and observe changes in the other (like the RF exposure studies
) will be key. Advanced spectroscopy might detect if DNA or enzymes respond to the presence of microtubule EM fields. On the theoretical side, developing models of how an oscillating field might alter reaction kinetics or gene regulation could guide experiments. The emerging field of quantum biology provides a framework to investigate these phenomena, blending quantum physics with biochemistry to explore how coherence and resonance play roles in living systems.
In encouraging further exploration, it’s important to remain critical yet open-minded. The idea of “cells communicating by light or vibrations” was once on the fringe, but more evidence is bringing it into the scientific conversation. As we refine our instruments and models, we may discover that the language of life includes not just chemical codes but also physical frequencies. If validated, this could revolutionize how we think about cellular networks and even lead to novel medical therapies – for instance, using specific electromagnetic frequencies to target cellular processes (a concept already hinted at by using ultrasound or RF to improve cognitive function via microtubule resonance
).
In conclusion, the vibrational and electromagnetic properties of DNA, microtubules, and mitochondria present an exciting hypothesis: that there is a layer of intracellular communication and computation built on resonance and frequency alignment. This structured interplay – from the quantum vibrations of atoms to the oscillating fields of organelles – could be a fundamental aspect of how cells maintain coherence, respond to stress, and evolve complex behaviors. By continuing to investigate this hypothesis with rigorous science, we invite a deeper understanding of the “electrical symphony” playing within every cell, potentially uncovering new principles of biological organization and adaptation
.
Sources:
- Cosic, I. et al. (1994). Macromolecular Bioactivity and Resonant Recognition Model – proteins and DNA resonating in the 10^13–10^15 Hz range
.
- Chemeurope – Typical atomic vibration frequencies on the order of 10^13 Hz
; Carbonyl bond vibration ~5×10^13 Hz
.
- Pokorný, J. et al. (2013). Integrative Biology – Microtubules are oscillating structures generating EM fields; resonant peaks from 1 kHz to 1.3 GHz observed in microtubules
; no length-dependence and disappearance without water
.
- Rafati, Y. et al. (2020). – Intrinsic RF resonances of tubulin (91, 281 MHz) and microtubules (3.0 GHz); exposing cells to these frequencies alters microtubule behavior
.
- Hameroff, S. & Penrose, R. (2014). Physics of Life Reviews / ScienceDaily – Discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules (MHz) supporting Orch OR; microtubule vibrations in MHz may underlie EEG brain waves
.
- Pokorný, J. et al. (2010). Seminar Abstract – Microtubule oscillations (5–15 MHz) require mitochondrial electric fields; 8 MHz oscillation shown to be generated by microtubules
; microtubules convert mitochondrial field energy into coherent EM oscillations
.
- Pokorný, J. et al. (2013). Integrative Biology – Mitochondria’s role: strong static field around mitochondria organizes water and can shift microtubule oscillation into nonlinear regime
; mitochondrial dysfunction leads to loss of coherent microtubule oscillations
.
- RF Safe (2024). Mitochondrial DNA Resonance – Hypothesis that circular mtDNA resonates at ~5–10 μm (30–60 THz) due to its size
, potentially acting as a bioelectric antenna.
- Blank, M. & Goodman, R. (2011). DNA as Fractal Antenna – DNA has characteristics (electronic conduction, self-similarity) making it responsive to a wide range of EM frequencies (ELF to RF and beyond)
.
- Scientific Archives (2020). Molecular Vibration in Signalling – Macromolecules might recognize each other via matching vibrational frequencies; coherent IR-range vibrations could trigger biochemical function
.
- Pokorný, J. et al. (2013). Integrative Biology – Chemical reactions (e.g., in mitochondria) release UV/visible photons that may energize coherent vibrations in cells
.
- Hameroff, S. et al. (2013). Brain Stimulation – Transcranial ultrasound (MHz) targeting microtubule resonances showed cognitive effects, hinting at medical potential of manipulating these vibrations
.